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    <eadid identifier="litterae-et-commissiones-levantis-lettere-di-levante-state-letters-and-instructions-to-the-eastern-countries" url="https://arhiv.jas-center.eu/index.php/litterae-et-commissiones-levantis-lettere-di-levante-state-letters-and-instructions-to-the-eastern-countries" encodinganalog="identifier">HR-DADU-08.1</eadid>
    <filedesc>
      <titlestmt>
        <titleproper encodinganalog="title">*Litterae et commissiones Levantis*; *Lettere di Levante* (State letters and instructions to the Eastern countries)</titleproper>
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      <langusage>
        <language langcode="eng">English</language>
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      <unittitle encodinganalog="3.1.2">*Litterae et commissiones Levantis*; *Lettere di Levante* (State letters and instructions to the Eastern countries)</unittitle>
      <unitid encodinganalog="3.1.1">HR-DADU-08-HR-DADU-08.1</unitid>
      <unitid type="alternative" label="Old reference code">Fonds of the Dubrovnik Republic and the territory of the former Republic under the French Administration, series 27.1</unitid>
      <unitdate normal="1358/1802" encodinganalog="3.1.3">1358-1462, 1464-1466, 1468-1470, 1472-1479, 1481-1483, 1485-1490, 1492-1569, 1571-1667, 1670-1671, 1673-1687, 1692-1694, 1697-1802</unitdate>
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        110 volumes; textual records    </physdesc>
      <note type="generalNote">
        <p>The first 29 volumes of this series also contain state letters and instructions to the West.</p>
      </note>
    </did>
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      <p>Published</p>
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    <scopecontent encodinganalog="3.3.1">
      <p>The series contains state letters and instructions to Ragusan ambassadors, tribute ambassadors, consuls, administrators of Dubrovnik consulates, charges d’affairs, and merchants in the cities of the Ottoman Empire in the period from the middle of the 14th to the beginning of the 19th century. The cities that are mostly referred to in the series are: Istanbul, Jedrene, Belgrade, Vlora, Volos, Alexandria, Banja Luka, Sarajevo, Travnik, Mostar and Pljevlja. The series also includes letters from the authorities of the Dubrovnik Republic to various Ottoman dignitaries and officials, from Grand Viziers in Istanbul to kadis in the Dubrovnik neighbourhood.<lb/>___<lb/>The series is very important for the research of the history of the Jewish people in the Ottoman Empire, as well as for any attempted analysis of their cooperation with the Jews from the Republic. The series contains state letters to the consuls of the Republic in Vlora, who were Jewish (16th and 17th centuries). The following names of the consuls are referenced: Isach Trincha, who is only referenced to in one letter (vol. 20, f. 15v), Jacob Coduto, Daniel Coduto, Zacharia Graziano, Angiolo Coduto (vol. 28-34, 37, 42-45, 47-50). In addition to the names previously mentioned, there are several other Vlora Jews that are mentioned in the documents from the 16th century. The series also contains several letters from the authorities of the Republic to their tribute ambassadors, in which there are references to Gracia Mendes. In 1552, she travelled to Istanbul via Dubrovnik. The data shows that she conducted her business from Istanbul, using the port of Dubrovnik to trade with Western countries till she died. The ambassadors of the Republic would regularly visit her and bring her letters from the authorities. According to the records, she would lend money to the ambassadors and the authorities of the Republic would then reimburse the money to her representatives in Dubrovnik, Isaac Ergas and Abner Alfarin (vol. 26-29). Other Istanbul Jews also lent money to Dubrovnik tax collectors, and the authorities would then reimburse it to their relatives in Dubrovnik. For example, in 1576, Samuel Ergas wrote a letter of recommendation to two Jews from Istanbul, Judi Algasi and Samuel Celef, asking them to lend money to the emissaries of the Republic if that was deemed necessary (vol. 33, f. 67v). Dubrovnik merchants owned real estate in some Ottoman cities and would often rent it, especially in Sofia, to Jewish merchants. Related to this fact, there are several references to conflicts that occurred among those merchants. Even though the series provides evidence to some other conflicts in which Jewish merchants were involved, it also provides evidence of different forms of successful cooperation with Jewish merchants. The authorities of the Dubrovnik Republic evidently cooperated with Jewish merchants who were influential at the sultan's court (e.g., vol. 31, ff. 25v-26v). One of those merchants, Conort, whose name is not referenced in this series, worked in the 80s of the 18th century as a *dragoman* of Dubrovnik ambassadors at the Sublime Porte (vol. 103, ff. 113v, 121v).</p>
    </scopecontent>
    <processinfo>
      <p>
        <date>2021</date>
      </p>
    </processinfo>
    <originalsloc encodinganalog="3.5.1">
      <p>State Archives in Dubrovnik</p>
    </originalsloc>
    <relatedmaterial encodinganalog="3.5.3">
      <p>_Acta Consilii Maioris_ (HR-DADU-2), _Consilium Rogatorum_ (HR-DADU-3), _Consilium Minus_ (HR-DADU-4), _Acta Turcarum_ (HR-DADU-7.2), _Diplomata et acta_, 14th century (HR-DADU-7.3.4),_Diplomata et acta_, 15th century (HR-DADU-7.3.5),_Diplomata et acta_, 16th century (HR-DADU-7.3.6),_Diplomata et acta_, 17th century (HR-DADU-7.3.7),_Diplomata et acta_, 18th century (HR-DADU-7.3.8), _Diplomata et acta_, 19th century (HR-DADU-7.3.9), _Minutae litterarum veterum_ (HR-DADU-8.4), _Copia litterarum diversarum_ (HR-DADU-8.5); _Litterae et relationes_ (HR-DADU-8.7)</p>
    </relatedmaterial>
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      <p>*Građa za generalni katalog Državnog arhiva u Dubrovniku*, box 9, folder 1; box 10, folder 1. Josip Gelčić, »Catalogus i. r. Archivii Ragusini.« *Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini* 22 (1910): 537-588.</p>
    </otherfindaid>
    <bibliography encodinganalog="3.5.4">
      <p>Medo Pucić, _Spomenici srpski_, I, Beograd, 1858. Jovan Radonić, _Acta et Diplomata Ragusina_, II.1, Beograd: SKA, 1935. Jorjo Tadić, _Litterae et commissiones Ragusinae_, Beograd: SKA, 1935. Ivan Božić, _Dubrovnik i Turska u XIV. i XV. veku_ (Zusammenfassung: Dubrovnik und die Türkei im XIV und XV Jahrhundert), Beograd: SAN, 1952. Jovan Radonić, _Acta et Diplomata Ragusina_, II.1, Beograd: SKA, 1935. Jovan Radonić, _Acta et Diplomata Ragusina_, II.2, Beograd: SKA, 1938. Jovan Radonić, _Acta et Diplomata Ragusina_, III.1, Beograd: SKA, 1939. Jovan Radonić, _Acta et Diplomata Ragusina_, III.2, Beograd: SKA, 1939. Jovan Radonić, _Acta et Diplomata Ragusina_, IV.2, Beograd: SKA, 1942. Radovan Samardžić, _Borba Dubrovnika za opstanak posle velikog zemljotresa 1667. g. (arhivska građa 1667-1670)_, Beograd: SAN, 1960. Vuk Vinaver, _Dubrovnik i Turska u XVIII veku_ (zusammenfassung: Die Republik Dubrovnik und die Türkei im XVIII Jahrhundert), Beograd: SAN, 1960. Toma Popović, _Turska i Dubrovnik u XVI veku_ (résumé: La Turquie et Raguse au XVIe Siecle), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, 1973. Ilija Mitić, _Konzulati i konzularna služba starog Dubrovnika_ (summary: The Consuls and the Consular Service of Old Dubrovnik), Dubrovnik: Historijski institut JAZU, 1973. Lucio Lume, _L&amp;#39;archivio storico di Dubrovnik con repertorio di documenti sulle relazioni della repubblica di Ragusa con le città marchigiane_, Roma: Archivio di Stato, 1977. Radovan Samardžić, _Veliki vek Dubrovnika_, Beograd: Prosveta, 1983. Vesna Miović, _Dubrovačka diplomacija u Istambulu_ (summary: Diplomatic Activities of the Republic of Dubrovnik in Istanbul), Zagreb - Dubrovnik: Zavod za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Dubrovniku, 2003. Lovro Kunčević, »Janus-faced Sovereignity: The International Status of the Ragusan Republic in the Early Modern Period.«, in: _The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries_, ed. Gábor Kármán and Lovro Kunčević. Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2013: 91-121. Vesna Miović, »Diplomatic Relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Dubrovnik.«, in: _The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries_, ed. Gábor Kármán and Lovro Kunčević. Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2013: 187-208. Vesna Miović, Relja Seferović, »Gracia Mendes in Dubrovnik.« _Dubrovnik Annals_ 18 (2014): 65-94. Vesna Miović, _Židovski rodovi u Dubrovniku (1546-1940)_ (summary: Jewish Families of Dubrovnik (Ragusa), 1546-1940), Zagreb-Dubrovnik: Zavod za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Dubrovniku 2017.</p>
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